(after Horak and Brown, 1991)
Introduction
Endothenia spp.
Endothenia is tentatively included in this tribe, although Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov, 1984, treated Gateselarkeanini and Endothenini as sister groups having a unique common ancestor.
Gatesclarkeanini (about 65 species in five genera) are most diverse in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific area; the genus Endothenia is also represented in the Holarctic region. Larvae of Gatesclarkeana are leaf rollers on ligneous plants, and larvae of Endothenia feed on seed heads and bore in stems and roots of a wide variety of herbaceous plants, especially Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae.
Endothenia is similar to generalized Tortricinae in having tarsi with numerous, randomly placed setae and an aedeagus with a coecum. The female has weakly sclerotized bands connecting the sterigma and anterior apophyses, although the ventral branch of the apophyses is reduced. The pupa of Endothenia is unique in having only one row of spines on the abdominal seventh segment, and four hooked setae on each side of the anal rise. Gatesclarkeana and Endothenia differ from all other Olethreutinae in their loss of tergal extensors of the valvae. In Gatesclarkeana the sternal extensors are used for closing the valvae, whereas in Endothenia and other Olethreutinae the sternal extensors are reduced, and the valvae are closed by contraction of the refractors of the aedeagus (Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov, 1984).
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnostically important characters are given in italics
Adult
venation E. gentianaeana (explaining terms)
male gen. E. quadrimaculana
female gen. E. quadrimaculana
Forewing often with metallic markings between indistinct fasciae, speculum (ocellus) absent; costal fold absent. Hindwing in male with or without slight roll on inner margin; bases of CuA1, and M3 connate, M3 and M2 separated. Male hind tibia often with hair-pencil or brush; abdomen often with pouches between third and fifth sternites. Male genitalia: vinculum broad ; uncus arising from apically expanded tegumen, often bilobed; socii well developed, broadly joining tegumen, aedeagus with coecum present or absent, cornuti present or absent or represented by a long rod-like sclerite; valvae often asymmetrical, without basal excavations, left valva longitudinally folded, ventrally open and enclosing hair-pencil, costal hook small or absent, sacculus with spined basal pulvinus and separated from costa and cucullus by deep cleft. Female genitalia: sterigma often asymmetrical, anteriorly inserted in membranous pocket; colliculum long; signa lamellar with dentate projections or cup-shaped, second signum small or absent. (Endothenia Stephens differs in having genitalia symmetrical, uncus well developed and clavate, valvae without deep cleft between sacculus and costa). Pheromones: attracted to Z 10-14 carbon acetates (Endothenia).
Larva
setal map (showing position of setae. Note: example is not an Endothenia larva)
setal map head (showing position of setae. Note: example is not an Endothenia larva)
Larva (Endothenia) with coronal suture long, nearly twice greatest width of adfrontal; with anal fork present; crochets uniordinal to biordinal; T1 with L1 closer to L2 than L3; A9 with D1 and SD1 on same pinaculum; A8 with SD1 anterior, anterior dorsal, or anterior ventral to spiracle; A9 with D1 and SD1 on same pinaculum; A10 with D1 less than half length of SD1; A7 -A9 with SV group 3:2:2.
Pupa
Pupa (Endothenia gentianaeana (Hübner), female): A2-A6 with two rows of spines, A7-A8 with one cephalic row, A9 with one caudal row, A10 without spines; cremaster a rugose lobe bearing eight flat, hooked setae, two dorso-lateral, two lateral, and four medial caudal; anal rise with row of four flat, hooked setae on each side.
Genera including pests:
Endothenia