Author: (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1834)
Summer fruit tortrix moth
Species Overview:
Adult: male 15-19 mm wingspan; forewings light greyish brown, marked with dark brown suffused with ochreous, median fascia bifurcate at dorsum; hindwings pale brownish ochreous to grey. Female: 18-22 mm wingspan; markings less pronounced and more reticulate than in male. Veins R 4 and R 5 in forewing stalked.
Egg: flat and oval; lemon-yellow and laid in a scale-like batch of 30-50, predominantly on the upper-surface of the leaf. They are easily observed in the inner part of tree tops [A. orana fresh egg batch ].
Larva: 18-20 mm long; yellowish green, olive green or dark green, with small yellowish pinacula; head and prothoracic plate yellowish brown; thoracic legs light brown [Adoxophyes orana larva ].
Pupa: ca. 8-11 mm long; pale to dark brown; wings paler. Distal row of spines of abdominal segments 4 and 5 consisting of very dense, fine, spines, appearing as a coarse transverse line [Adoxophyes orana pupa; details pupa Adoxophyes orana ].
Taxonomic Description:
Male:
Adoxophyes orana male 1
Adoxophyes orana male 2
Adoxophyes orana male 3
External characters: 15-19 mm wingspan. Antenna shortly ciliate. Labial palpus, head, antenna and thorax yellowish cinnamon brown. Forewing dilated posteriorly; apex short; termen convex. Costal fold broad, from base to about one-third. Ground colour yellowish brown or light greyish brown. Markings dark brown, suffused with ochreous; outer margin of basal fasciae poorly defined, oblique to middle; median fascia narrow, margins irregular, usually constricted at middle before emitting strong tornal spur; pre-apical spot broken and reduced, emitting a strong stria extending to the tornal area, and a second much thinner stria parallel with termen. Cilia paler than the ground colour. Hindwing grey (Bradley et al., 1973).
male genitalia A. orana
Genitalia: Uncus long, spatulate; gnathos arms convex ventro-laterally, apex upturned and rounded; socius small. Valva large, densely plicate radially, with rather delicate sclerite of disc and fairly strong sacculus; transtilla bipartite, dentate. Aedeagus simple, with short coecum penis and minute caulis. Vesica with group of slender cornuti.
Female:
Adoxophyes orana female 1
Adoxophyes orana female 2
Adoxophyes orana female 3
External characters: 18-22 mm wingspan. Antenna minutely ciliate. Forewing less expanding terminally than in male, without costal fold. Ground colour a rather dull greyish cinnamon brown; markings essentially as in male but more subdued and often partially obsolete. The female is seldomly strongly marked, but occasionally has a rather conspicuous reticulate pattern in the forewing, especially in the distal half. Hindwing grey.
female gen. A. orana
Genitalia: Sterigma narrow with ill-defined anterior portion and tapering terminally lateral parts; antrum indistinct; ostium small, round; ductus bursae narrow; corpus bursae spherical, signum thorn-like, strongly curved. Inception of ductus seminalis immediately following antrum.
Subspecies A. orana fasciata
A. orana fasciata female ;A. orana fasciata egg batch ; A. o. fasciata larva 2nd instar ; A. o. fasciata larva 4th instar ; A.o. fasciata larva last instar ; young overwintering larvae
Yasuda (Yasuda, 1975b; Yasuda, 1998) treats the Japanese Adoxophyes orana fasciata as a distinct subspecies. This subspecies is slightly smaller than the nominate form, and in the male genitalia, the apical part of the uncus is slightly broader [uncus A. orana fasciata ]
A. orana fasciata is an important fruitpest in Japan.
A. o. fasciata damage to cherry
A.o.f. damage to Japanese pear
damaged apple bud (A. o. f.)
Biology:
A. orana neonate larvae
A. orana (rolled leaf)
A. o. f. rolled apricot leaf
Adoxophyes orana is a bivoltine species and produces a third generation under favourable climatic conditions. In the temperate climatic zone of Central Europe, eggs deposited by the first generation females start to hatch in May. Depending on the climatic conditions, the larvae start to appear after approximately 10 days and begin to feed on the leaves, shoots and fruits. They occupy silken retreats and leave characteristic injury patterns on the fruits. These summer larvae initiate the greatest economic loss to fruit production. The second generation moths appear in July and August, depositing eggs on the leaves and, sometimes, on the fruits. The larvae of this generation hatch in autumn and subsequently penetrate shallowly into the fruit flesh to form large irregular depressions before entering diapause. They hibernate in the second or third instar, seeking seclusion in loose bark or at other sites. The larvae reappear in late March or April of the following year and begin to attack the opening buds. Later they attack the blossom trusses and, finally, the leaves of the young shoots. The larvae pass through five instars before pupation, which occurs in webbed leaves (Dickler, 1991).
Host plants:
Adoxophyes orana is a very polyphagous species. Among its host plants are Acer campestre, Alnus sp., Betula, Corylus, Cydonia oblonga, Fagus sylvatica, Forsytia suspensa, Gossypium herbaceum, Humulus sp., Laburnum sp., Ligustrum sp., Lonicera caprifolium, Lonicera xylosteum, Malus baccata, Malus pumila, Medicago sp., Menyanthes trifoliata, Pyrus communis , Pyrus simoni, Populus sp., Pistacia lentiscus, Parrotia sp., Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus ceracus, Prunus domestica, Prunus insistitia syriaca, Prunus padus, Prunus persica, Prunus triloba, Quercus acutissima, Ribes grossularia, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa canina, Rosa sp., Salix caprea, Salix viminalis, Solanum dulcamara, Symphoricarpos racemosa, Syringa vulgaris, Tilia sp., Ulmus campestris, Vaccinium sp.
Damage:
damage on apple (A. orana)
damaged plum (A. orana)
A. o. fasciata damage to apple
A.o.f. rolled apple leaf
Foliage damage is of minor economic interest, harm to foliage may only reach economically unacceptable levels in cases of particularly high larval density. Larval feeding consists of sting-feeding, leaving point-like holes in fruit tissue, and surface grazing, where extensive areas of the fruit skin are injured. These activities result in a down-grading of the economic value of the fruit. Fruits are not malformed, as they are attacked relatively late in the season (Dickler, 1991; Alford, 1995).
Distribution:
Europe (from UK and Scandinavia to Greece), Asia Minor, former USSR (from Karelia to the Caucasus, Trans-Caucasus, Ural, Southern Siberia and the Far East), China, Korea, Japan, mountains of Burma and India.
Pheromone:
(sex gland)
Z 9-12Ac : 0.2
12Ac : 0.04
Z 9-14Ac : 155 *
E 9-14Ac : 2
Z 9-14OH : 4 *
Z 11-14Ac : 27 *
E 11-14Ac : 4
Z 11-14OH : 0.4 *
Z 11-16Ac : 3
14Ac : 0.1
16Ac : 0.005
18Ac : 0.005
20Ac : 0.005
22Ac : 0.005 (Guerin et al., 1986a)
Components marked with * are involved in attraction.
Parasitoids:
Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Trichogrammatidae)
Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Trichogrammatidae)
Colpoclypeus florus Walker (Eulophidae)
Campoples homonae Sonan (Ichneumonidae)
Itoplectis alternans spectabilis Matsumura (Ichneumonidae)
Itoplectis narangae Ashmead (Ichneumonidae)
Lycorina ornata Uchida (Ichneumonidae)
Brachymeria obscurata Walker (Chalcididae)
Euchalcidia kamjimurai Habu (Chalcididae)
Meteorus ictericus Nees (Braconidae)
Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (Walker) (Tachinidae)
Adoxophyes honmai Yasuda
The species resembles the Japanese species Adoxophyes honmai. However, in Adoxophyes orana fasciata, the brachiola in the male genitalia are triangular (brachiola A. orana fasciata ) (finger-shaped in Adoxophyes honmai) and the lobes of the transtilla touch each other (transtilla A. orana fasciata ). The antrum of the female genitalia (female gen. A. orana fasciata ) is long and broad (short and narrow in Adoxophyes honmai) and the bulla seminalis is slightly smaller than the bursa copulatrix (slightly larger in Adoxophyes honmai)