Pandemis Hübner
Type species: textana Hübner = corylana Fabricius
DIAGNOSIS
External characters:
Venation:
venation Pandemis corylana
Forewing: All veins are separate; CuP distinct, in some species atrophying medially.
Hindwing: All veins are separate.
Forewing shape and markings:
examples of Pandemis spp.
Species of the genus Pandemis have relatively broad forewings; often either the termen or the costa, or both, are somewhat concave before or beyond apex. The costal fold is absent in the majority of the species. The ground colour is yellowish to brownish. The markings consist of a basal patch, a median fascia and a pre-apical spot.
Sexual dimorphism:
Sexual dimorphism is expressed in the shape of the forewing, size and markings.
Additional characters:
The second joint of the male antenna is notched in the majority of species.
Genitalia:
Male:
male gen. P. corylana ; male genitalia P. heparana
Uncus strong, often very broad, with variably developed hairy brush; gnathos arm short, simple; terminal plate in several species strong, connected with diaphragma by means of ventral sclerite; socius large. Valva short, rounded dorsally, minutely folded radially often on entire surface of disc, or only on peripheries; fold of disc distinct, extending to base of transtilla; pulvinus rather weak, not extending anteriorly; large areas of scent scales present; sacculus simple, or with minute free termination. Transtilla strongly sclerotized, distinctly tapering medially. Aedeagus with well developed, coecum penis often slender; caulis often connected with aedeagus body by weakly sclerotized sheet; cornuti broadening postbasally. In Pandemis dumetana (Treitschke) outer wall of valva forms a large, membranous pocket extending dorsally.
Scent organs are developed in numerous species. In the basal portion of abdomen, a large submedian sac may have developed on each side of longitudinal convexity of the second sternite, filled with broad scales. A transverse row of short, thick scales is situated anterior to this organ. It has fully developed in Pandemis cerasana and its reduced stages are found in Pandemis phaiopteron and in Pandemis corylana. In the subgenital segment another scent organ occurs, developed in form of sublateral, ventral pockets retractable to the seventh abdominal segment in which long scent scales are situated.
Female:
female gen. P. corylana ; female gen. P. heparana
Sterigma variably developed, with more or less distinct cup-shaped portion and usually short lateral parts between which there is a dorsal concavity; antrum membranously connected with sterigma, provided with semi-funnellike sclerite; ductus seminalis posterior, or extending from dorsal portion of antrum; anterior part of ductus bursae often broad; signum with distinct capitulum and basal plates, often accompanied by two elevated areas of sclerotized granules.
Early stages:
Larvae are greenish in colour. Swatschek, 1958, provides the following diagnosis based on chaetotaxy of 4 European species.
SV group trisetose on abdominal segments 1, 2 and 7, bisetose on the eighth and ninth segments. The spiracles on abdominal segments 2-7 are clearly bigger than the basal ring SD1, or the (biordinal) crochets are uniordinal laterally. The second stemma is situated closer to the first than to the third. On the prothorax, the distance between setae L3 and L1 is twice as long as that between setae L1 and L2. On the prothoracic plate, the distance between setae SD1 and SD2 is greater than that between SD1 and XD2; D2 is situated ventral to D1. Seta SD1 is situated somewhat ventro-cranial to the spiracle on the eight abdominal segment. On the ninth abdominal segment, setae L1, L2 and L3 are situated on one pinaculum.
Biology:
There are one to three generations yearly. Hibernation occurs in the larval stage. Larvae are polyphagous, utilising chiefly deciduous trees.
Distribution:
The genus occurs in the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions. Several species are also described from the Ethiopian Region, but this material has not been sufficiently examined.