(after Horak and Brown, 1991)
Introduction
Grapholitini (examples of moths)
The Grapholitini are considered to be a polyphyletic and artificial assemblage of some 50 genera and 600 species, which historically have been characterized by hindwing venation, M2 parallel to M3 (character not reliable according to Dr Komai (p.c.)), and reduced male genitalia involving loss of uncus and socii. The tribe is represented in all regions of the world, but over two-thirds of described species are Holarctic. Most species are monophagous and feed in fruit and apical shoots of Rosaceae, Pinaceae, Leguminosae, and Fagaceae.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnostically important characters are given in italics
Adult
wing venation Grapholitini (explaining terms)
male genitalia Grapholitini (explaining terms)
female genitalia Grapholitini (explaining terms)
Forewing with or without distinct fasciae, speculum (ocellus) distinct or indistinct, male rarely with costal fold (Dichrorampha Guenée): hindwing with bases of R and M1 approximate or distant (Dichrorampha); M2 parallel to M3 ; tarsi with two ventral setae and one lateral seta. Male genitalia with uncus and socii reduced or absent; aedeagus often with spiraled apex, dentitions, projections, or fixed cornuti ; valva with costal hook single or reduced; with or without distinct neck and developed cucullus. Female genitalia with lamella postvaginalis posterior to seventh sternite (Dichrorampha) or in shallow to deep emargination of seventh sternum; ductus bursae long and simple (Dichrorampha) or short and often with sclerotized pockets near ostium ; usually with two cornuate signa, one signum in Dichrorampha. Pheromones and attractants: 12-, carbon acetates and alcohols with double bonding in the eighth, or in eighth and tenth positions.
Larva
setal map (showing position of setae. Note: example is not a grapholitine larva)
Anal fork often absent; spinneret simple; A9 with D1 and SD1 on same pinaculum; A10 with D1 often less then half the length of SD1; A8 with spiracle distinctly close to caudal margin, with SD1 ventral anterior or dorsal posterior to spiracle; SV group on A7-A8 bisetose or unisetose, on A9 trisetose.
Pupa
A2-A7 with two rows of spines; A8 with one to two rows, A9 with one row, rarely absent or irregular, often with hooked setae between spines, A10 with one row, or rarely irregular or in random group; cremaster absent, cauda usually with four recurved setae, medial setae usually absent, two present in Dichrorampha ; two dorso-lateral, two latero-ventral; anal rise with two recurved setae, rarely one or absent.
Genera including pests (in Europe and Asia)
Cryptophlebia
Cydia
Fulcrifera
Grapholita
Leguminivora
Matsumuraeses
Pammene